Top 10 Most Common Gynecological Surgeries Explained: What Every Woman Needs to Know
- EMC Cradle Hospital
- July 12, 2025
Understanding gynecological procedures is a vital part of pregnancy’s journey. Whether you’re preparing for surgery, researching symptoms, or simply seeking knowledge, being informed is the first step in making empowered decisions. Gynecological surgeries are procedures that deal with the female reproductive system and are often performed to treat a variety of conditions including reproductive issues, abnormal bleeding, and even cancer. This guide outlines the top 10 gynecological surgeries every woman should needs to know.
1. Cesarean Section (सिजेरियन सेक्शन)
What is a C-Section?
A Cesarean section, commonly called a C-section, is a surgical procedure used to deliver a baby when a vaginal birth isn’t possible or safe. During a C-section, doctors make incisions in the mother’s abdominal wall and uterus to remove the baby. It’s a major abdominal surgery, often done under spinal or epidural anesthesia. While it may sound intense, it’s one of the most commonly performed surgeries worldwide and has significantly improved childbirth outcomes for mothers and babies.
Why It’s Done
C-sections are performed for a variety of medical reasons. Sometimes, it’s an emergency decision during labor due to fetal distress or stalled labor. In other cases, it’s a planned procedure—often because of breech position (baby not head-down), multiple births, placenta previa (when the placenta covers the cervix), or a previous C-section delivery. Women may also opt for a C-section for personal or psychological reasons, though this is typically discussed in-depth with a healthcare provider.
Recovery and Aftercare
The recovery process after a C-section takes longer than vaginal birth. Most women stay in the hospital for 2–4 days post-surgery. The first few days are the toughest—moving, coughing, or even laughing can cause abdominal discomfort. It’s important to rest, avoid lifting anything heavier than the baby, keep the incision clean, and watch for signs of infection like redness or swelling. Full recovery can take 6–8 weeks, though many mothers start feeling better well before that with proper care and support.
Risks and Considerations
Despite being routine, a C-section is still major surgery. Risks include infections, excessive bleeding, blood clots, reactions to anesthesia, and complications in future pregnancies such as uterine rupture or placenta accreta. The baby may also face minor issues like breathing difficulties, especially if the C-section is done before 39 weeks without a medical reason. Discussing all risks and benefits with your OB-GYN is crucial before deciding on a planned C-section.
2. Hysterectomy (गर्भाशय हटाने की सर्जरी)
Types of Hysterectomy (Total, Partial, Radical)
A hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus and is often considered when all other treatments have failed. There are different types based on what’s removed:
Total hysterectomy removes the uterus and cervix.
Partial or subtotal hysterectomy removes only the upper part of the uterus, leaving the cervix intact.
Radical hysterectomy, often used for cancer, removes the uterus, cervix, part of the vagina, and surrounding tissues..
When is it Needed?
Hysterectomy is recommended for various conditions, including uterine fibroids causing heavy bleeding or pain, endometriosis, chronic pelvic pain, uterine cancer, and prolapse. It’s usually considered a last resort when non-surgical treatments like hormonal therapy or uterine ablation have failed. For cancer treatment, especially in reproductive organs, it’s often non-negotiable and life-saving.
Surgical Methods (Abdominal, Vaginal, Laparoscopic)
There are three main ways to perform a hysterectomy:
Abdominal hysterectomy is done through a large incision and is often used when the uterus is large or cancer is involved.
Vaginal hysterectomy involves removing the uterus through the vagina without external cuts and is often preferred for uterine prolapse.
Laparoscopic hysterectomy uses small incisions with a camera and specialized instruments, offering quicker recovery and less scarring.
Life After Hysterectomy
After a hysterectomy, a woman will no longer menstruate or be able to become pregnant. If the ovaries are removed (oophorectomy), menopause will occur immediately regardless of age. Emotional reactions can vary—some women feel relieved from chronic symptoms, while others may struggle with a sense of loss. Hormone replacement therapy may be needed, especially for younger women.
3. Myomectomy (मायोमेक्टॉमी / फाइब्रॉइड हटाना)
What are Fibroids?
AFibroids, or uterine leiomyomas, are noncancerous growths in the uterus that often appear during a woman’s childbearing years. They vary in size from seedlings to bulky masses and can cause heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, frequent urination, and even infertility if they interfere with implantation.
Myomectomy vs Hysterectomy
A myomectomy is a fertility-sparing surgery that removes fibroids while preserving the uterus. Unlike a hysterectomy, it allows women the chance to conceive after surgery. It’s often the go-to procedure for younger women who wish to have children or those who want to retain their uterus for personal or cultural reasons.
Procedure and Recovery
Myomectomies can be done through different methods—open abdominally, laparoscopically, or hysteroscopically depending on the size and location of the fibroids. Recovery time varies; laparoscopic methods allow a quicker return to daily activities, typically within 2–3 weeks, while abdominal surgery may take 4–6 weeks. Women are advised to avoid pregnancy for a few months to allow the uterus to heal.
Life After Hysterectomy
After a hysterectomy, a woman will no longer menstruate or be able to become pregnant. If the ovaries are removed (oophorectomy), menopause will occur immediately regardless of age. Emotional reactions can vary—some women feel relieved from chronic symptoms, while others may struggle with a sense of loss. Hormone replacement therapy may be needed, especially for younger women.
4. Endometrial Ablation ( गर्भाशय की परत को नष्ट करना)
Treating Heavy Menstrual Bleeding
Endometrial ablation is a minimally invasive procedure used to treat abnormally heavy menstrual bleeding by destroying the endometrium—the thin lining of the uterus. Women suffering from chronic heavy periods (menorrhagia) often feel exhausted, frustrated, and socially withdrawn. Ablation offers a solution by either reducing or stopping menstrual flow altogether. It doesn’t involve any major incisions, making it a quick outpatient procedure.
Who is it for?
This procedure is ideal for women who:
Have not responded to hormone treatments or medications
Are not planning future pregnancies
Experience anemia due to excessive bleeding
It’s typically offered to women in their late 30s or 40s who are nearing menopause. Since pregnancy after ablation is rare and risky, it’s not recommended for those who want to conceive later..
Techniques Used
There are several methods to perform endometrial ablation, including:
Thermal balloon therapy, where a heated balloon is inserted into the uterus
Microwave ablation, which uses microwave energy to destroy the lining
Cryoablation, which freezes and destroys the tissue
Radiofrequency and electric current ablation, using electric energy to achieve the same results
The method depends on the patient’s anatomy, doctor’s preference, and available equipment. Recovery is usually fast, with most women resuming normal activities within 1–2 days.
5. Laparoscopic Surgery ( दूरबीन द्वारा की जाने वाली सर्जरी)
What is Laparoscopy?
Laparoscopic gynecologic surgery, also called “keyhole surgery,” is a technique that involves making small incisions in the abdomen through which a thin tube with a camera (laparoscope) and surgical tools are inserted. It allows surgeons to see inside the pelvic area and perform operations without the need for large incisions, making it a popular choice for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
Common Conditions Treated
Laparoscopy surgery is often used to diagnose and treat several gynecological conditions, such as:
Ovarian cysts: Fluid-filled sacs that can rupture or twist
Endometriosis: A condition where tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus
Ectopic pregnancy: When a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus
Pelvic adhesions: Scar tissues that can cause pain or infertility
It’s also commonly used for tubal ligation, myomectomy, and even hysterectomy in selected cases..
Techniques Used
There are several methods to perform endometrial ablation, including:
Thermal balloon therapy, where a heated balloon is inserted into the uterus
Microwave ablation, which uses microwave energy to destroy the lining
Cryoablation, which freezes and destroys the tissue
Radiofrequency and electric current ablation, using electric energy to achieve the same results
The method depends on the patient’s anatomy, doctor’s preference, and available equipment. Recovery is usually fast, with most women resuming normal activities within 1–2 days.
Benefits and Recovery
Because of its minimally invasive nature, laparoscopy offers many benefits:
Shorter hospital stay (often same-day discharge)
Minimal scarring
Reduced post-operative pain
Faster recovery (usually within 1–2 weeks)
Lower risk of infection
This procedure is a game-changer for women wanting effective treatment without long recovery times.
6. Dilation and Curettage – ( गर्भाशय की सफाई की प्रक्रिया)
What Happens During D&C?
Dilation and curettage (D&C) is a short, outpatient surgical procedure where the cervix is dilated, and a special instrument is used to scrape or suction the uterine lining. It’s both diagnostic and therapeutic and has been a staple in gynecological care for decades. Often performed under local or general anesthesia, it typically takes less than 30 minutes.
Reasons for Performing D&C
A D&C may be recommended for several reasons:
Diagnosing abnormal uterine bleeding
Clearing out tissue after a miscarriage
Removing uterine polyps or leftover placenta
Treating incomplete abortion
It can also help in diagnosing uterine cancer or endometrial hyperplasia when biopsies are needed. The tissue removed is usually sent to a lab for further analysis.
What to Expect After the Procedure
Most women recover quickly from a D&C and are able to resume normal activities in a day or two. Some may experience mild cramping, spotting, or fatigue for a few days. It’s advised to avoid intercourse, tampons, or douching for a week to prevent infection. As with any procedure, if heavy bleeding, severe pain, or fever occurs, medical attention should be sought immediately.
7. Oophorectomy ( अंडाशय को हटाना)
Why It May Be Necessary
Oophorectomy is the surgical removal of one or both ovaries. It may be necessary for:
Ovarian cancer or suspicious masses
Large, painful ovarian cysts
Severe endometriosis involving the ovaries
Reducing cancer risk in high-risk women (e.g., BRCA mutation carriers)
It may be performed alone or along with a hysterectomy depending on the patient’s condition..
Unilateral vs Bilateral Oophorectomy
Unilateral oophorectomy removes only one ovary, preserving hormonal function and fertility.
Bilateral oophorectomy removes both ovaries, which causes an immediate drop in estrogen and leads to surgical menopause—a sudden transition with symptoms like hot flashes, mood swings, and bone thinning.
Women undergoing bilateral oophorectomy under the age of 45 often consider hormone replacement therapy to manage symptoms.
Hormonal Implications
Ovaries produce estrogen, which regulates menstruation and protects against osteoporosis and heart disease. Their removal accelerates aging-related changes. Hormonal consequences must be carefully evaluated, especially in younger women. Post-surgery follow-ups with endocrinologists or gynecologists are recommended to maintain hormonal balance and overall health.
8. Tubal Ligation ( नसबंदी या स्थायी गर्भनिरोधक प्रक्रिया)
Permanent Birth Control Method
Tubal ligation is a form of permanent contraception. It involves closing, cutting, or sealing the fallopian tubes so that eggs cannot travel from the ovaries to the uterus for fertilization. It is commonly referred to as “getting your tubes tied.”
How It’s Done
Tubal ligation is usually done via laparoscopy. A small incision is made near the navel, and instruments are inserted to block or seal the fallopian tubes using clips, rings, or electrical current. It can also be performed immediately after childbirth (called a postpartum tubal ligation) or during a C-section.
Pros and Cons
Pros: No ongoing birth control methods needed, Highly effective (over 99%), Hormone-free
Cons: Not easily reversible, Risk of regret, especially among young women, Slight risk of ectopic pregnancy.
While it’s a great option for women sure about not having more children, doctors ensure the patient fully understands the permanence of this procedure.
9. Pelvic Organ Prolapse Surgery (पेल्विक अंगों के खिसकने की सर्जरी)
Causes of Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Pelvic organ prolapse occurs when the muscles and tissues supporting the pelvic organs weaken, causing the organs (bladder, uterus, or rectum) to drop into or out of the vagina. Causes include:
Vaginal childbirth trauma
Aging and menopause
Chronic constipation or heavy lifting
Obesity
Prolapse can cause discomfort, urinary leakage, or a bulging feeling in the vagina.”
How It’s Done
Tubal ligation is usually done via laparoscopy. A small incision is made near the navel, and instruments are inserted to block or seal the fallopian tubes using clips, rings, or electrical current. It can also be performed immediately after childbirth (called a postpartum tubal ligation) or during a C-section.
Types of Surgical Repair
Surgery depends on the organ affected and the severity. Options include:
Anterior/posterior repair for bladder or rectum prolapse
Uterosacral or sacrospinous ligament suspension
Sacrocolpopexy, where synthetic mesh is used to hold organs in place
Vaginal mesh implants, though controversial due to complications
In some cases, a hysterectomy is performed alongside prolapse repair. Recovery varies, but most women experience significant improvement in quality of life.
10. Cervical Cerclage (सर्वाइकल सर्कलेज / गर्भाशय ग्रीवा को टांके लगाना)
Preventing Preterm Labor
Cervical cerclage is a preventive surgery used during pregnancy to reduce the risk of premature birth. A stitch is placed around the cervix to keep it closed, especially in women with cervical insufficiency—a condition where the cervix opens too early.
When and How It’s Done
Cervical cerclage is typically done between 12 and 14 weeks of pregnancy and is removed around week 36. It’s performed via the vagina (transvaginal cerclage) or, in rare cases, through the abdomen (transabdominal cerclage). It may also be performed later in pregnancy in emergency situations if the cervix shortens prematurely.
Recovery and Monitoring
Post-surgery, patients are monitored for signs of infection, contractions, or bleeding. Many women return home the same day but are advised to rest, avoid strenuous activity, and follow up regularly with their OB-GYN. The goal is to prolong pregnancy and give the baby the best chance of survival.
Your Health Can’t Wait – Book Your Consultation Today!
Are you experiencing abnormal bleeding, pelvic pain, or planning your pregnancy journey? Don’t ignore the signs—your body deserves expert care. Our experienced Obstetrician & Gynecologist provides compassionate, personalized guidance for every stage of womanhood—from puberty to pregnancy to menopause.
📞 Book your consultation today with our gynecologist (OB-GYN) and take the first step toward hormonal harmony and vibrant health.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
The recovery time depends on the type of surgery. Minimally invasive surgeries like laparoscopy or endometrial ablation may require 1–2 weeks, while major surgeries like hysterectomy or C-section may require 4–6 weeks of recovery.
Before surgery, follow all pre-op instructions, like fasting or stopping medications. After surgery, rest, avoid heavy lifting, and maintain hygiene. Follow-up appointments are essential to monitor healing and detect complications early.
Yes, myomectomy is designed to preserve the uterus, allowing for future pregnancies. However, endometrial ablation typically reduces fertility and is not recommended for women who wish to get pregnant in the future.
Laparoscopic procedures are generally safe, but like all surgeries, they may include risks such as bleeding, infection, injury to nearby organs, or complications related to anesthesia. However, these are rare when performed by experienced surgeons.
A hysterectomy involves the removal of the uterus, while an oophorectomy refers to the removal of one or both ovaries. Sometimes both procedures are performed together depending on the medical condition.
Yes. Mild prolapse can be managed with pelvic floor exercises, pessary devices, and lifestyle modifications. However, severe cases often require surgical repair to restore function and comfort.
Cervical cerclage is done during pregnancy to prevent premature labor, unlike other surgeries that treat non-pregnancy-related conditions. It’s a temporary stitch and is usually removed before delivery.